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Miami (; (:maiˈami)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Miami )〕) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 417,650, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C.〔edr.state.fl.us/Content/population-demographics/data/FLmupops_2013.xls〕 According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.〔(Demographia: World Urban Areas ). (PDF).〕 Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World According to GaWC 2008 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Inventory of World Cities )〕 In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha− World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2012 )〕 In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Global Cities Index 2010 )〕 In 2008, ''Forbes'' magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=City Mayors: World's richest cities by purchasing power )〕 Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf )〕 and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.〔U.S. Census, 2010 (Ethnicity) and Census American Community Survey 2008 (language).〕 Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies.〔(Nest Seekers International ). Nestseekers.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.〕〔(Brickell – Downtown Miami, Florida ). Madduxco.com. Retrieved on October 8, 2012.〕 The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World," has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.〔(Miami-Dade.gov Port of Miami ). Miamidade.gov. Retrieved on October 8, 2012. 〕〔(Cruise lines departing from the Port of Miami ). Gomiami.about.com (April 10, 2012). Retrieved on October 8, 2012.〕 ==History== The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous cultures. The Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B.C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River. In 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567. Spain and Great Britain successively "controlled" Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress and remove the Seminole. The Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle",〔Henry, Brian. (1995) "Miami Centennial Trivia," ''South Florida History,'' Vol. 23 No. 3 Summer, 1995. p. 33〕 a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness.〔"The Day in St. Augustine — The Hack Line to Biscayne Bay", ''The Florida Times-Union'', January 10, 1893. Retrieved on August 25, 2007.〕 The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida."〔"A Trip to Biscayne Bay", ''The Tropical Sun,'' March 9, 1893. Retrieved on January 22, 2006.〕 The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami."〔Muir, Helen. (1953) ''Miami, USA'' Henry Holt and Company. p. 55 〕 Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/names/city2.cfm )〕 Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed. During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman." The collapse of the Florida land boom of the 1920s, the 1926 Miami Hurricane, and the Great Depression in the 1930s slowed development. When World War II began, Miami, well-situated on the southern coast of Florida, became a base for US defense against German submarines. The war brought an increase in Miami's population; by 1940, 172,172 people lived in the city. After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.〔 Miami and its metropolitan area grew from just over one thousand residents to nearly five and a half million residents in just 110 years (1896–2006). The city's nickname, ''The Magic City'', comes from this rapid growth. Winter visitors remarked that the city grew so much from one year to the next that it was like magic.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miami」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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